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Traditional knowledge GIS
Traditional knowledge Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are the data, techniques, and technologies designed to document and utilize local knowledges in communities around the world. Traditional knowledge is information that encompasses the experiences of a particular culture or society. Traditional knowledge GIS are more valuable than ordinary cognitive maps in that they express environmental and spiritual relationships among real and conceptual entities.〔Peat, F. David. “I Have a Map in my Head.” ''ReVision'' 18.3 (1996) : 11-17.〕 They comprise a formidable toolset for use in cultural preservation, land rights disputes, natural resource management, and economic development.
==Technical aspects==
Traditional knowledge GIS employs cartographic and database management techniques such as participatory GIS, map biographies, and historical mapping. Participatory GIS aspires to a mutually beneficial relationship between the governing and the governed by fostering public involvement in all aspects of a GIS. It is widely accepted that this technique is necessary to sound environmental and economic planning in developing areas.〔 Tripathi, Nitesh and Bhattarya, Shefali. “Integrating Indigenous Knowledge and GIS for Participatory Natural Resource Management: State-of-the-Practice.” ''Electronic Journal on Information Systems in Developing Countries'' 17.3 (2004) : 1-13.〕 This method generates a sense of place in scientific analysis that incorporates sacred sites and traditional land use practices.〔McCall, Michael K., and Peter A. Minang. “Assessing Participatory GIS for Community-Based Natural Resource Management: Claiming Community Forests in Cameroon.” ''Geographical Journal'' 171.4 (2005) : 340-358.〕 Participatory GIS can be effective for local resource management and planning, but researchers doubt its efficacy as a tool in attaining land tenure or fighting legal battles because of lack of expertise among local individuals and lack of access to technology.〔Chapin, Mac, Zachary Lamb, and Bill Threlkeld. “Mapping Indigenous Lands.” ''Annual Review of Anthropology'' 34 (2005) : 619-639.〕
Map biographies track the practices of local communities either for the sake of preservation or to argue for resource protection or land grants.〔 GIS technologies are powerful in their ability to accommodate multimedia and multidimensional data sets, which allows for the recording and playing of oral histories and representations of abstract ecological knowledge.〔Chambers, Kimberlee J., Jonathan Corbett, C. Peter Keller, and Colin J.B. Wood. “Indigenous Knowledge, Mapping, and GIS: A Diffusion of Innovation Perspective.” ''Cartographica'' 59.3 (2004) : 19-33.〕
Historical mapping documents and analyzes events that are meaningful to a particular tradition or locale. Cultural and humanitarian benefits derive from including maps in the historical record of an area.〔Steinberg, Michael K., Carrie Height, Rosemary Mosher, and Matthew Bampton. “Mapping Massacres: GIS and State Terror in Guatemala.” ''Geoforum'' 37 (2006) : 62-68.〕
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